On Easter morning, the abet-abet is performed before daybreak. Governor Santiago Estrada, who was at first reluctant to serve under the Japanese, was later persuaded by Sison to cooperate. In 1582, Pangasinan was partitioned into six encomiendas, foremost of which was that of the Spanish King in Lingayen. 1918. Pangasinan was not spared from the agrarian ferment that spread over Central Luzon in the 1920s and 1930s. Behind the altar is a staircase leading to the sacristy, where a door opens to the niche of the image of the Virgin. This was led by Maria Magsano of Dagupan. With his wife, Gregoria Diaz, and Benedicta Bandung of Urbiztondo, Morante popularized this cancionan form, later to be known as imunan. This suggests the existence of elephants in the prehistoric past of the province. The sash of the Virgin is also borrowed from time to time by pregnant women, who wear it on their last week of pregnancy to ensure a safe delivery. 2004. Armando Ravanzo, considered the guru of creative writing in English in the province, was an editor of the English-language magazine, Traveller. Recent research, however, tends to indicate that she was Indo-Chinese. Responding to the peoples wish to be free of Spanish authority, he exploited the confusion resulting from the Maniago Revolt and consolidated the leadership of Pangasinan under himself, assuming the title King of Pangasinan. The rebels adherence to Catholicism led them to spare the parish priests. The Binalatongan (San Carlos) Story: Then & Now: September 1587-1990. Millenarian groups with links to Mount Banahaw, such as the Sagrada Familia and Tres Persona Solo Dios, are regular pilgrims to the Virgins Well. Kar-na-na: An Invitation to a Pangasinan Cultural Feast. Mithi 16 (17): 146-63. The sayaw ed tapew na bangko (dance on top of a bench) [Sayaw sa Bangko Folk Dance] comes from Lingayen and is another demonstration of grace and agility. However, rehabilitation did not take long and in fact for Dagupan, the disaster accelerated economic growth. Hence, since Spanish times, Pangasinan has been the stronghold of Marian devotion in the Philippines. The story of the Virgin who was beckoning (mantawag) a farmer to erect a church on the apparition site was propagated by the Roman Catholic Church itself. The girl wears a siesgo, a tailless long skirt with tapis, kimona or blouse with short sleeves, and soft panyo on her left shoulder. Additional Information? Tourist Spots Travel Destinations Attractions. The manner of venerating the dead, too, finds parallels in Java. This is a 32-line passage rendered in a slower tempo than the rest of the song. Other similarities with Java are seen in the tools and methods of cultivation, such as the use of the bamboo harrow and the peculiarly shaped scythe for reaping rice. The fisher was found dead the next morning. By the year 2000, the construction of malls and other business infrastructure had contributed to the rapid growth of the commercial center, requiring the expansion of the central business district to its peripheral locations. An angel approaches the Blessed Virgin, takes off her black veil, and announces that Christ is risen. First presented in Calasiao on 9 July 1916, it bears thematic similarities with Palisocs Say Liman. In the plays Talintao, Bambano Laki Bai, and Sigsilew, the Kankanti combines traditional rituals with new techniques. Nowhere was the unrest more felt than in the eastern part of the province, where the presence of large landed estates in such towns as Tayug, Rosales, San Quintin, Santa Maria, and Umingan, and absentee landlordism combined to upset the old patronage system based on amicable landlord-tenant relations. Manila: National Historical Institute. Publication Date: November 18, 2020. Pangasinan audiences were scandalized by his Say Biin Maagap a Oalna (A Virtuous Woman), which depicted the life of an adulteress. The plays villain, a friar, smears the reputation of Luis, lover of Filipinas, who is coveted by the friars servant. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. In practically all homes, whether rich or poor, images of Our Lady of Manaoag occupy a prominent place in the house. The Agno originates from Mount Data in Cordillera between Benguet and Mountain Province; its water runs down from the mountains of Benguet to Pangasinan through San Manuel. It is sung by women in the first voice and men in the second. Dancing to the tune of Pitoy Oras at three counts to a measure, the girl balances a glass on her head and one on each palm. Some writers point out that Sulu could also be the probable location of Urdujas realm of Tawalisi. Peralta, Renato, ed. The main altar is baroque. Palisoc was primarily a propagandist and educator who sought to deliver telling messages and pointed questions about social ills using his sarsuwela as his platform. The expected support from the countryside did not arrive. The story ends with the Holy Familys Flight into Egypt. 2001. The provincial government center was located near the beach and included the provincial capitol, the provincial high school, the provincial trade school, and the governors mansion. In the end, the two are reconciled. It is danced on top of a bench about 2 to 3 meters long, 15 centimeters wide, and 60 centimeters high. Contemporary visual artists from Pangasinan who have had their works exhibited at the Liongoren Gallery are Erick Garayblas for painting and Alma Urduja Quinto for sculpture. By 2010, it was 2,779,862. Pangasinan: A Journey into the Philippines. Lingayen: Vidal Printing Press. The recent phenomenon of converting fishponds into prawn farms has also created a certain degree of dependence on the export market. Fourteen days later, on 22 December 1941, Japanese forces landed on the beaches of Damortis and Agoo in La Union. Farming is a common theme, as in the following (Nelmida 1980, 89): Its tail is a person. 1997. . But the military failure of the rebellion did bring to national consciousness the plight of the Central Luzon peasant. Pangasinan fiction begins with the uliran (folktales) that form part of the oral tradition spanning different periods in Pangasinan history. Later, another expedition headed by Martin de Goiti was launched to consolidate Salcedos gains. It is owned by curator Norma Liongoren from Dagupan and painter Alfredo Liongoren from Zambales. Turning, he saw a lady on top of a hill. Nanoy leads the revolutionary forces into town, captures the friar and the guardias civiles, but frees them over the objections of the people, saying that the revolution was fought to correct the injustices of those in power and not for revenge. When they died, a rosary was part of the funerary accouterments buried with them. On the other hand, in central Pangasinan, where the Dominican religious order was established, the townspeople would receive Spanish Catholicism on their own terms as anacbanua. Comments to post comments. Today, Pangasinan is a bastion of Catholicism in the country. Capiz shell shutters are still evident in some schools although the offices and libraries have long since transformed their windows into glass jalousies with wooden or iron grills. Artacho was from Vigan but became governor of Pangasinan from 1905 to 1908. The Tambayo Cultural Group was organized by Perla Samson-Nelmida in the 1980s at the Pangasinan State University in San Carlos City. During the American colonial period, many poets wrote poems to be declaimed or sung. On the other hand, Quinto is a cultural worker who uses her art as a way of transforming communities and as a form of healing. A poet for the groom, for example, recites a verse about a butterfly in search of a flower, to which the poet for the bride replies that their flower cannot be tasted by any butterfly. Palaris Films was under the helm of Fernando Poe Sr., who was from Barangay Caoayan Kiling of San Carlos City. There are five beautiful altars, excluding the baptistry, which is a chapel with an iron grill. Cortes, Rosario Mendoza. Basa, Restituto. Among the theater groups that have emerged in Pangasinan in recent years are the Pangasinan Cenaculo, the Kankanti Ensemble, and the Ala-Uli Theater Group. Songs, dances, and rituals are common ways of celebrating occasions that mark the life cycle of a person. While it follows Say Limans revolutionary and anti-friar theme, Panauns characters have more depth, and its language is more quiet and realistic. The everyday economic life of a number of Pangasinense depends on the production of rice cakes. One theory hints of Java as a possible point of origin because the techniques of salt making in the northern coast of Java closely resemble those of the Pangasinense. The friar casts covetous eyes upon the heroine, who manages to flee from him. In the past, the procession was held daily. For most of the Spanish period, Pangasinan encompassed not only its present boundaries but extended down to Subic in Zambales, Gerona in Tarlac, and up to Bacnotan in La Union. In Malasiqui, Pangasinan, Barangay Pasima is known to house bamboo- weavers. Under the American tutelage, the Sufragio Femenino or Women Suffragists of the north was organized to campaign for the womens right of suffrage in the 1937 referendum. Quezon City: National Science and Technology Authority-University of the Philippines. Say Onloob Ed Estado (One Who Enters the Married State) is an engaged girls wedding song as she ponders her fate. Sympathy for the defendants in the criminal trials following the uprising reached the highest levels of government. Orbito is said to have predicted the presidency of Ramos who, before assuming office in 1992, was better known as a military man than a politician. The partners, both barefoot, face each other two meters apart. . Binmaley and Dagupan fishponds are known for tilapia and oysters. After this period of service, the grooms parents performed the seguep, the ritual asking for the girls hand in marriage. The tall, slender, and elevated dome is flanked by four big windows and is supported by eight elegant wooden columns. The Sison Auditorium in Lingayen, another archetypal Gabaldon structure, is now being remodeled along more modern but less elegant lines. QUARTER 3 - 1 st Week. Legasto, Priscelina, Ma. 901 Minnesota Street San Francisco, CA In the first phase of the Revolution, Pangasinan was a quiet corner untouched by the rebellion in the Tagalog provinces. The bereaved also wore mourning clothes and a gold chain or a piece of rattan around the neck. The other surviving plays of Palisoc are Sakit na Baley (Disease of the Country), 1905; Say Abangonan (Old Customs), 1906; Say Mangasi Singa Kinalab na Balita (One Who Shows Charity Is Like a Tree Smothered by the Balete), 1906; Natilak So Inaral ag Natilak so Natural (Learning Is Sooner Shed Off than Ones Nature), 1907; Nanariay Ambugan (Kingdom of Braggarts), 1908; Say Mibibyang (The Meddlers), 1912; Pacayariy Pilac (The Power of Silver), 1913; Politicay Tilaan (Political Bluffing), 1914; Manliket Ka Baley Ko (Rejoice, My Country), 1919; and Talonggaring na Seseg (The Advantage of Diligence), 1920. Thoughts? Although they and other leaders like Phalarez, Colet, Juan de Vera Oncantin, and Fernando and Melchor Hidalgo were timaua (free-born), the Spaniards had to appoint an anacbanua, Don Andres Lopez, as maestre de campo for Pangasinan to legitimize their rule. The dialogue in Pangasinan is amplified by a loudspeaker placed atop a jeep that is parked behind the cast. is sung with much body movement and is about a man who, while searching for his lost love, is stopped by a police officer at a checkpoint. Catalina Palisoc: Say Liman Ag Naketket and Other Plays. MA thesis, University of the Philippines Diliman. On 28 February, the Commonwealth Government was reinstated; one of the first acts of the administration was to round up suspected collaborators. Teofilo Sison was the first to be tried and convicted, but he was given amnesty. The Cattle Caravan of Ancient Caboloan: Connecting History, Culture and Commerce by Cartwheel. Their battles lasted well into dawn and dealt usually with courtship themes. Bonuan, a Dagupan barrio, is identified with bangus (milkfish). This feast was followed by the pagatin at the house of the groom, in which relatives from both sides contribute to the newlyweds starting capital, usually by pinning money on the couples clothes as they perform a wedding dance. Commerce and Society in the Urban Philippines: A Comparative Study of Dagupan and La Union Commercial Centers. PhD dissertation, Texas A&M University. The song is a lament for the souls in purgatory. Feasting, drinking, dancing, and general merrymaking followed. 1996. . During martial law, Pangasinans leadership was generally affiliated with the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement), an umbrella organization created by Ferdinand Marcos in early 1978. At first, suffrage was limited to the elite, but by 1916, when the legislative body was Filipinized, 54.1% of the male population was qualified. Dina Gadia (b.1986, Pangasinan, Philippines; lives and works in Manila, Philippines) is an artist recognised for her visually arresting and playfully representational style. However, the increase in commerce and the emergence of a larger middle class in the province have opened the door for new names in the political arena. In the east and central areas, which are watered by the Agno, Angalacan, and Toboy-Tolong rivers, two or three harvests can be made in a year. 1976. Six days later, a provincial assembly was convened in Dagupan, and the Proclamation of Independence, first read in Kawit, Cavite the previous month, was recognized. The best delicacies and cuisines of Pangasinan were presented during the kick-off of Pangasinan's BESTival at SM City Rosales on Monday (Oct. 14, 2019). In October, the Maria Dayat na Kasantosan (Mary, Sea of Holiness) is a special devotion to the Lady of Manaoag. Of the novelists from Pangasinan, Maria Magsano is considered by many as one of the most important. Assemblyman Pedro Maria Sison from the 4th District would become senator in 1916. Even churches that begin as Gothic end up as Baroque, like the Mangatarem Church. It reaches Lingayen Gulf via Tayug, Asingan, Santa Maria, Rosales, Villasis, Sto Tomas, Alcala, Bautista, Bayambang, Mangatarem, Urbiztondo, Aguilar, San Carlos, Bugallon, Binmaley, Lingayen, and Dagupan. In the latter years of the colonial regime, the territory of Pangasinan was much reduced after the creation of the provinces of Zambales, La Union, and Tarlac, the last of which included boundary towns that are presently under the province of Pangasinan. In the 1930s, another apparition of the Virgin allegedly took place in Barangay Pugaro in Manaoag. A significant number of Pangasinan families, both conservative and traditional, send at least one son to a seminary school to become a priest. Fishponds in the province culture tilapia, oysters, and shrimps. The Church of the Purificacion in Binmaley is the largest church in Pangasinan, measuring more than 90 meters long. In Pasima, bamboo-weaving is a way of life. Census of the Philippine Islands. After this, the lady no longer appeared on moonlit nights, and fishers found their catch diminished. Planetary constellations fill up Cripe's work and his dissections and maps of the universe, planets, and the body are visually stunning and mentally intriguing. Grade 12 CPAR Contemporary Arts Contemporary Arts More from PRINCESS ANN C. TABILAS (3) Study Material module 10.pdf class-12th Contemporaryarts 0 Likes 27 Views P PRINCESS ANN C. TABILAS Feb 15, 2022 Study Material module 5.pdf class-12th Contemporaryarts 0 Likes 64 Views P PRINCESS ANN C. TABILAS Feb 15, 2022 Study Material module 1.pdf One gozo (religious song) chronicles the miracles attributed to the image, such as the healing of the sick and the lame, the resurrection of the dead, the putting out of fires, the driving away of pests, and the images own refusal to have her dress changed. The following riddle counsels prudence (Nelmida 1980, 81): The art of composing poetry was developed early, and poetical fencing was a regular feature of prenuptial negotiations. In recent times, Barangay Palacpalac in the town of Pozorrubio has been known for its bladesmithing since its homegrown blacksmith, Hernando de Guzman, became popular for his swords used in Hollywood films such as The Lord of the Rings, Batman, and Braveheart. The group makes extensive use of Pangasinan folk literature themes. It can also mean an anthem or a patriotic song. In Java, a yearly festival is celebrated by the living to honor the dead; the day is passed in devotion on the burial grounds, which are strewn with flowers. Sarswelang Pangasinan. Dagupan City: Heritage Commission. . The abundance of coral reefs along the shores of the province also indicated a rich marine life. The Philippine-American War came to Pangasinan when the Americans landed in San Fabian on 7 November 1899. The pasyon or narrative of Jesus Christ has a version in Pangasinan. Villafania echoes the patriotic voices of the early anacbanua writers but displays more determination in the propagation of the Pangasinan language as a language of poetry and philosophy. In Tayug, Pedro Calosa formed the Philippine National Association (PNA), an underground movement that preached independence, equitable distribution of wealth, and the primacy of the Philippine Independent Church. Two other landmark novels in English are America Is in the Heart, 1946, by diaspora writer Carlos Bulosan, and His Native Soil, 1941, by Juan Laya. Since the 1970s, the urban development of Dagupan City has been spurred on by the commercialization of its market spaces, with consumers coming from all over the province as far as La Union and other towns in Ilocos Sur. The guild held a concert at the Sison Auditorium on 18 February 2014 for the benefit of the victims of Typhoon Agaton. Manuel Roxas of Capiz from the Liberal Party won over Nacionalista Sergio Osmea of Cebu. While in mourning, relatives feasted and abstained from rice, wine, meat, and fish, partaking only of roots, fruit, and water. In Pangasinan, Estrada remained governor. Objects of riddles include animals like the carabao, turtle, octopus, or bird; and plants like the bamboo, coconut, rice, and corn. Diaz and Bandung have since retired and Morante has teamed up with Fely Manuel. The gods were said to have immortalized the warriors so that they could watch over their homeland forever. San Carlos: Binalatongan Publishing. With the coming of the Spaniards, the Pangasinan towns were laid out in the time-honored pattern of plaza-church-cabildo complex, with roads radiating at right angles to the plaza. While sympathetic to Malong, the Catholic hierarchy worked at convincing the Pangasinense to re-embrace Spanish colonial supremacy. This was followed in the same year by Divorcio, which presents the pros and cons of divorce. The dance depicts the different steps in broom making. Access Date: September 14, 2022. Panaun Aman (The Past Era) was written by Mejia in 1915 and is considered to be the longest sarsuwela in Pangasinan. Malong was eventually tried and sentenced to die by musketry. One of the first revolutionary leaders, Vicente del Prado, was betrayed to the Americans and was subsequently hanged like a bandit. I grew up with my aunt. He likewise cited four Pangasinense national artists namely F. Sionil Jose (Literature), Victorio Edades (Visual Arts), Salvador Bernal (Theater Design) and Fernando Poe Jr. - FPJ (Film) as four important reasons why the exhibit . Fish caught in Lingayen Bay cannot adequately meet the demand for it and so has to be supplemented by fish coming from as far away as Bataan and Bicol. NanDAraGUPAN. San Fernando: Malayan Printery. In May, the Santa Cruz de Mayo in Pangasinan remains a wholesome entertainment at summertime especially for young children and students on vacation. 1982. The gaton is a ritual where food is offered to the spirits to appease them for whatever transgressions human beings may have committed against them, such as acapuldac, or unintentionally scalding a spirit by throwing boiling water on its abode, and acapasakit, or unintentionally harming a spirit while toting firewood or doing farm work. The seven-year-old child is garbed in festive attire and is made to stand in the middle of the hall on a dais. The most prolific writer in the Pangasinan language today is Santiago Villafania of Santa Barbara. The narrow northwestern coast of Luzon directly facing the West Philippine Sea is the native domain of the Ilocano. It includes a refrain with a catchy tune, the first words of which are Galikin, galikin, the Pangasinan equivalent of Adeste Fideles.. There was extensive use of charms for varied purposes such as the warding off of evil spirits or bringing of good luck. He will cover with a handkerchief the floor you walk upon. He imagines his lady as a lemon candy he rolls playfully on the tip of his tongue. In contrast, the Church of San Pedro y San Pablo in Calasiao is Philippine Baroque, that is, less ornate, with the gold leaf less burnished than San Juans. Crisanta Nelmida-Flores, and Dante Javier (1994) / Updated by Ma. Ang Cancionan Bilang Panteatro at Panradyong Pagtatanghal. BA thesis, University of the Philippines Baguio. The girl wears a skirt with a long tail tucked at the right side of the waist, a camisa, and a soft panyo around the neck. The Federal Party was organized on 23 December 1900 by those who had compromised with the American government. Three young performing artists from Pangasinan received commendations from the provincial board during their regular session on September 2. Malong became known for cutting the ears of the Spaniards, thereby earning the appellation amputi layag (white ear), which would later refer to the fearless people of San Carlos City, formerly Binalatongan, where Malong had staged his revolt. The father of the heroine Halo prevents her from marrying the rebel Nanoy, because he does not want to displease the friar. 1988. Many tales form part of the Manaoag legend. History of Pangasinan and the Pangasinense, There are no conclusive data about the origins of the, Damian Domingo, Un Yndio Natural de la Provincia de Pangasinan, circa 1830, Paulino and Hetty Que Collection, Daniel Maramba, revolutionary, governor, and senator from Santa Barbara, Pangasinan, 1930 (Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), Girls on the basketball field in Dagupan, Pangasinan, 1910 (Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), The Livelihood of the People of Pangasinan, Salt production in Dansol, Pangasinan (Photo courtesy of the Municipal Government of Dansol, Pangasinan), Postcard showing a roving cart pulled by a bull and loaded with native handicrafts from Pangasinan (Photo courtesy of Cynthia Paz), Salakab or fishtrap attributed to Pangasinan (Philippine Basketry: An Appreciation by Robert F. Lane. There are no conclusive data about the origins of the Pangasinense. Video:Sayaw Sa Bangko [Sayaw Ed Tapew Na Bangko] - Filipino Folk Dance. 1980. In these, he raises issues such as the deterioration of the Pangasinan tongue, the value of education, womens right to suffrage, the peoples colonial mentality, the bias against manual labor, social inequality, and the insincerity inherent in politics. The following is a couplet with an aa rhyme scheme (Nelmida 1980, 85): Many of the images employed in Pangasinan proverbs are commonplace objects seen and found in the field, farm, or village. Characters are costumed the way holy images of Lenten processions are dressed, with Christ in the robes of the Nazarene complete with wig and rays, and the Virgin Mary in traditional blue veil and white gown. Legasto, Priscelina. It is a song of despair, in which the lover complains of the way his beloved treats him. The lady turned out to be the Blessed Virgin who asked that a church be built for her on that site. Quezon City: Council for Living Traditions. San Carlos: Sanchez Press. The bench is placed horizontally at the center of the room or stage. In 1909, the province had 75 kilometers of first-class roads; by 1913, the number had grown to 169 kilometers. The well-wishers shower money or attach bills to the bodice and shirt of the newlyweds, and the family of the two parties gamely try to outdo each others generosity. With the progress of the cash economy, dasel consisted more and more of cash funds and residential lands, and less and less of farmland and draught animals. On 30 June 1898, the Spaniards evacuated all their forces to Dagupan. The singing debaters dispute such topics as Siopay Maong ya Manangkaili: Say Mayaman odino say Pobre? (Who Is More Hospitable: The Rich or the Poor?). Some of these vintage houses can still be found today in the provincial capital of Lingayen. Pangasinan State University Polytechnic University of the Philippines Far Eastern University Courses Popular Ethics (101) Education (tle101) Intermediate Accounting I (ACC103) Business Leadership and Ethics (BA 213) Accountancy (BSA) Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) BS Accountancy (ACCA103) National Service Training Program 2 (NSTP2) Dagupan Downtown, also known as Chinatown, is concentrated in Perez and A.B. A year after Benigno Ninoy Aquinos assassination, Pangasinan witnessed its first rally demonstration in Dagupan City. Atom Nava, Erlinda. Contemporary arts grew inside the region because of the passion of Filipino artists to express themselves through innovative art. During the Holy Week, the pabasa or chanting of the pasyon, lasts for three nights, from Holy Wednesday through Good Friday. Abundant in Pangasinan, the bamboo is the object of this riddle (Nelmida 1980, 88): The activities of a rural community, such as farming, fishing, and coconut gathering, also become the objects of riddles. Lesser spirits called anito were responsible for a host of phenomena relating to the weather, plant growth, and good health, as well as the protection of rivers, trees, and other sites. The Castillo house in Rosales, while essentially following the bahay na bato (stone house) form prevalent in many areas in the Philippines, has art nouveau caryatids depicting female nudes on its facade, thus revealing the liberalization of social mores. Pangasinan folk literature has been traced to the Kabayawasan tradition, which includes diparan (proverb), bonikew (riddles), tambayo (lullabies), cancionan (song jousts), and tongtong (stories). Stories of healing attributed to the image have increased its following among devotees, who flock to Calasiao during the images fiesta from 24 April to 2 May. Handicraft in the 1980s was the highest dollar-earning industry in Pangasinan. He was born in 1975. In this July interview, Dina Gadia introduces herself and her works and points out how time and the element of excitement holds up a mirror to our times. In using the sarsuwela as a tool for exposing social ills, Palisoc established a norm where the dramatists and the audience had come to agree that a zarzuela which did not preach a moral was not worth its salt (Magno 1954, 19). Alone, Rosalinda rears her children, who all succeed in their professions. Except for Calosa and Abe, who received life sentences, most of the participants in the rebellion received only light sentences. He would spoon-feed her at mealtime, prepare her milk upon waking up, drive away the mosquitoes at bedtime, bathe her, comb her hair, and massage her tired muscles. Aguinaldo, keeping just a step ahead of the Americans, worked his way north to La Union, passing through Calasiao, Santa Barbara, Manaoag, Pozorrubio, Alava (now Sison), thence to La Union. By 1930, most of the peasants in Tayug, Santa Maria, San Nicolas, and San Quintin had joined the PNA. As in any other family, wives work to augment the meager income their husbands make. With the help of the anacbanua, the friars were able to convert the cailianes or followers of the pangolo. In the novenas, religious literary forms such as the calar have been composed to venerate the Our Lady of Manaoag and to celebrate the feasts of patron saints and All Saints Day. Donors of the opening of ICA SF included Deborah and Andy Rappaport, Pamela and David Hornik, and Kaitlyn and Mike Krieger. 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